رابطه بین تجارب نامطلوب دوران کودکی و افسردگی : نقش واسطه‌ای ذهن‌آگاهی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• آنی کریستی مانول یان ¹
• مهرناز آزادیکتا ²

¹ دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی عمومی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد الکترونیکی، تهران، ایران.

² گروه روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران

10.30495/jpmm.2023.30995.3710

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: تجارب نامطلوب دوران کودکی ممکن است توانایی فرد برای ایجاد مکانیسم‌های مقابله‌ای سالم و سازنده و همچنین منابع ذهنی لازم برای مدیریت استرس‌های بعدی زندگی را مختل کند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه بین تجارب نامطلوب دوران کودکی و افسردگی (نقش واسطه‌ای ذهن‌آگاهی) انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، از لحاظ روش زمینه‌یابی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری کلیه جوانان شهر تهران در سال 1400، نمونه آماری 280 نفر و ابزار مورد استفاده پرسشنامه تجارب نامطلوب دوران کودکی (2004، پرسشنامه افسردگی (2010) و پرسشنامه ذهن آگاهی (2006) بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد مدل پیشنهادی ارائه شده مورد تایید بوده، چرا که مقدار ریشه‌ میانگین مجذور خطای برآورد (RMSEA) در حد مطلوب (کمتر از 08/0) قرار داشته و علاوه بر آن شاخص‌های برازندگی (NFI، IFI، CFI و GFI) مطلوب بودند (بیشتر از 9/0). مطابق یافته‌ها، تجارب نامطلوب دوران کودکی بر افسردگی با نقش میانجی ذهن آگاهی (مشاهده، توصیف، عمل با آگاهی، عدم قضاوت و عدم واکنش) تاثیرگذار بوده است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که جنبه‌های ذهن آگاهی رابطه بین تجارب نامطلوب دوران کودکی و افسردگی را به طور قابل توجهی واسطه می‌کنند. شناخت‌های منفی مرتبط با تجارب نامطلوب دوران کودکی ممکن است به توانایی فرد برای توصیف موثر احساسات و آگاهی کامل از لحظه حال آسیب برساند، که ممکن است به علائم افسردگی کمک کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تجارب نامطلوب
• افسردگی
• ذهن‌آگاهی

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Depression: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness

نویسندگان [English]

• Ani Christy Manvelian ¹
• Mehrnaz Azadyekta ²

¹ M.Sc. Student in General Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Electronic Branch, Tehran, Iran.

² Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Unit, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction and Objectives: Adverse childhood experiences may impair a person's ability to develop healthy and constructive coping mechanisms as well as mental resources to manage later life stressors. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression (mediating role of mindfulness).
Materials and Methods: The present research was of the correlational type in terms of the applied goal and in terms of the contextualization method. The statistical population of all young people in Tehran in 2021 was a statistical sample of 280 people, and the tools used were adverse childhood experiences questionnaire (2004), depression questionnaire (2010) and mindfulness questionnaire (2006).
Results: The results showed that the proposed model was approved, because the value of the root mean square error of estimation (RMSEA) was in the optimal range (less than 0.08) and in addition, the fit indices (NFI, IFI, CFI, GFI) were favourable (more than 0.9). According to the findings, adverse childhood experiences have influenced depression with the mediating role of mindfulness (observation, description, action with awareness, non-judgment and non-reaction).
Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that aspects of mindfulness significantly mediate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and depression. Negative cognitions associated with adverse childhood experiences may impair a person's ability to effectively describe feelings and be fully aware of the present moment, which may contribute to depressive symptoms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Adverse childhood experiences
• depression
• mindfulness

مراجع

References

1- McLennan JD, MacMillan HL, Afifi TO. Questioning the use of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questionnaires. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104331.2020.

2 - Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Loo CM, Giles WH. The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 2004, 28(7), 771–784.

3 - Sheffler JL, Stanley I, Sachs-Ericsson N. ACEs and mental health outcomes. In Adverse childhood experiences (pp. 47-69). Academic Press. 2020.

4 - Bethell C, Gombojav N, Solloway M, Wissow L. Adverse childhood experiences, resilience and mindfulness-based approaches: Common denominator issues for children with emotional, mental, or behavioral problems. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2016, 25(2), 139–156.

5 - Kroska EB, Miller ML, Roche AI, Kroska SK, O’Hara MW. Effects of traumatic experiences on obsessivecompulsive and internalizing symptoms: The role of avoidance and mindfulness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2018, 225, 326–336.

6 - Brett EI, Espeleta HC, Lopez SV, Leavens EL, Leffingwell TR. Mindfulness as a mediator of the association between adverse childhood experiences and alcohol use and consequences. Addictive Behaviors, 2018, 84, 92–98.

7 - Sachs-Ericsson NJ, Sheffler JL, Stanley IH, Piazza JR, Preacher KJ. When emotional pain becomes physical: Adverse childhood experiences, pain, and the role of mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2017, 73(10), 1403– 1428.

8 - Whitaker RC, Dearth-Wesley T, Gooze RA, Becker BD, Gallagher KC, McEwen BS. Adverse childhood experiences, dispositional mindfulness, and adult health. Preventative Medicine, 2014, 67, 147–153.

9 - Cloitre M, Khan C, Mackintosh M, Garvert DW, Henn-Haase CM, Falvey EC, Saito J. Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between ACES and physical and mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2019, 11(1), 82–89.

10 - Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD, Billieux J. Trait emotional intelligence and problematic online behaviors among adolescents: The mediating role of mindfulness, rumination, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 2019, 139, 208–213.

11 - Maloney, J. E., Lawlor, M. S., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Whitehead, J. (2016). A mindfulness-based social and emotional learning curriculum for school-aged children: The MindUP program. Handbook of Mindfulness in Education, 20, 313–334.

12 - Tehrani porn artist, Seyyed Saeed; Amini Tehrani, Mohammad Ali (2019). The effect of adverse experiences in childhood relationships on students' mental health. Education, health and health promotion in Iran. 7 (2). 231-244.

13 - Racine N, Devereaux C, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Adverse childhood experiences and maternal anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry, 2021, 21(1), 1-10.

14 - Kelifa MO, Yang Y, Carly H, Bo W, Wang P. How adverse childhood experiences relate to subjective wellbeing in college students: The role of resilience and depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2021, 22(5), 2103-2123.

15 - Kelifa MO, Yang Y, Herbert C, He Q, Wang P. Psychological resilience and current stressful events as potential mediators between adverse childhood experiences and depression among college students in Eritrea. Child Abuse & Neglect, 2020, 106, 104480.

16 - Elmore AL, Crouch E. The association of adverse childhood experiences with anxiety and depression for children and youth, 8 to 17 years of age. Academic pediatrics, 2020, 20(5), 600-608.

17 - Elmore AL, Crouch E, Chowdhury MAK. The Interaction of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resiliency on the Outcome of Depression Among Children and Youth, 8-17 year olds. Child abuse & neglect, 107, 104616. 2020.

18 - Lee HY, Kim I, Nam S, Jeong J. Adverse childhood experiences and the associations with depression and anxiety in adolescents. Children and youth services review, 2020, 111, 104850.

19 - Racine N, Zumwalt K, McDonald S, Tough S, Madigan S. Perinatal depression: The role of maternal adverse childhood experiences and social support. Journal of affective disorders, 2020, 263, 576-581.

20 - Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2010, 32(4):345-59.

21 - Heydari S, Barzegar M, Azadyekta M. Preliminary Survey of Factor Structure of Persian Version of Covid-19 Stress Scale Among Students. Journal of Developmental Psychology, Iranian Psychologists, 2021, 18(69), 51-61. [in Persian]

22 - Keum BT, Miller MJ, Inkelas KK. Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across racially diverse U.S. college students. Psychological Assessment. 2018, 30(8):1096-106. 

23 - Li M, D’arcy C, Meng X. Maltreatment in childhood substantially increases the risk of adult depression and anxiety in prospective cohort studies: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and proportional attributable fractions. Psychological Medicine, 2016, 46(4), 717–730.