Psychometric Properties of Lee McCullough affect phobia Questionnaire

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD Student in Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The affect phobia Questionnaire was designed by McCullough and et al. developed as effectiveness instrument of assessing, experiencing, expressing, and regulating emotions to enhance an individual basic capacity in relation to others and ourselves.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 290 (men, women) nurses from several hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and psychiatric patients referred to these centers in 2019-2020 were selected by available sampling method and them completed the Toronto Alexithymia and affect phobia questionnaires.
 Findings: Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire was 0.73. Test-retest reliability showed a correlation coefficient of 0.79(for nurses group) after one month. Also, the correlation coefficient of this instrument with Alexithymia Questionnaire was -0.33. Eigenvalues ​​4 larger factors is 1 and explains the percentage coverage of common variance between variables for these 4 factors on 5.62% of the total variance of variables.
Discussion andConclusion: based on the research findings the questionnaire with four dimensions was introduced and named. The present study shows that the Affect Phobia Test could be used as a screening instrument prior to affect focused therapy.
 

Keywords


  1. لی مک کالو و همکاران.(2003)،درمان عاطفه هراسی(راهنمای روان درمانی پویشی کوتاه مدت)،ترجمه الهام اشتاد،مهین دهقانی ومحمود دهقانی،چاپ اول.(1394)،انتشارات ارجمند، تهران
  2. زرانی فریبا،اسمعیلی صلاح الدین، قشنگ نیره، آقامحمدی سوده، خزایی محمود(1395)، پنجمین ویرایش راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلا لات روانی، تحول، نقد، چشم انداز،مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری :14(1):136-125.
  3. میکاییلی نیلوفر ، نریمانی محمد، قریب بلوک معصومه، بلندی آذردخت (1398)، نقش هیجانات منفی، ناگویی خلقی و روابط بین فردی در پیش بینی رفتارآسیب به خود در نوجوانان،  مجله پزشکی ارومیه، دوره سی ام، شماره پنجم، صص393-404
    1. Abbass, A. (2002). Short-term dynamic psychotherapies in the treatment of major depression. Canadian journal of psychiatry, 47(2): 193.
    2. Ahola, P., Valkonen-Korhonen, M., Tolmunen, T., Joensuu, M., Lehto, S. M., & et al. (2011). The Patient–Therapist Interaction and the Recognition of Affects during the Processof Psychodynamic Psychotherapyfor Depression. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 65,4.
    3. Auerbach RP, Abela JR, Ho MH..(2007) Responding to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Emotion regulation, neuroticism, and engagement in risky behaviors. Behaviour Research and Therapy. Sep 1;45(9):2182-91.
    4. Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32.
    5. Besharat, M. A. (2007a). Reliability and factorial validity of a Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale with a sample of Iranian students. Psychological Reports, 101, 209-220.
    6. Besharat, M. A. (2007b). Assessing reliability and validity of the Farsi version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale in a sample of substance-using patients. Psychological Reports, 102, 259-270.
    7. Besharat, M. A. (2008). Psychometric characteristics of a Persian version of the Toronto alexithymia scale-20 in clinical and non-clinical samples. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 33, 1-6.
    8. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.
    9. Driessen, E., Cuijpers, P., Matt, S.C.D., Abbass, A.A., Jonghe, F.D., & Dekker, J.J.M. (2009). The efficacyof short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: meta-analysis. Department of ClinicalPsychology.
    10.   Frankl, M., Philips, B., Berggraf, L., Ulvenes, P., Johansson, R. & Wennberg, P.  (2016). Psychometric properties of the Affect Phobia Test. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57, 482–488.
    11. Gortner, E. M., Rude, S. S. & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Benefits of expressive writing in lowering rumination and depressive symptoms. Behavior Therapy, 37: 292-303.
    12. Gratz KL, Roemer L.(2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment. Mar 1;26(1):41-54.
    13. Gratz KL, Tull MT. Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance-and mindfulness-based treatments. Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change. .(2010) May 1:107-33.
    14. Hair, J. F. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Upper saddle River. New York: NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.
    15. Kanjo E , Younis EM , Ang CS .(2019) .Deep learning analysis of mobile physiologi- cal, environmental and location sensor data for emotion detection. Inf Fusion;49:46–56 .
    16. Kring AM. The future of emotion research in the study psychopathology. Emotion Review (2010)  .Jul; 2(3):225-8.
    17. Lavoue E, Kazemi M, Doleck T, Carillo R, Molinari G, Lajoie SP.(2020)   Towards emotion awareness tools to support emotion and appraisal regulation in academic contexts. Educ Technol Res Dev;68(1):269–92
    18. .Leigh McCullough, Stuart Andrews. Assimilative Integration: Short‐term Dynamic Psychotherapy for Treating Affect Phobias, clinical psychology science and practice First published: 11 May 2006 https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.8.1.82Citations: 15
    19. Leiper, R., & Maltby, M. (2004). The psychodynamic approach to therapeutic change. SAGE Publications Inc
    20. Mahdavi A, Mosavimoghadam SR, Madani Y, Aghaei M, Abedin M. (2019).Effect of Intensive Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy on Emotional Expressiveness and Defense Mechanisms of Women With Breast Cancer.Archives of Breast Cancer. Feb 28.
    21. -McCullough L, (١٩٩٧), Short-term anxiety-regulating psychotherapy for restructuring defenses, affects and attachments. New York: Basic Books.
    22. -McCullough L, (١٩٩٨). Short-term dynamic psychotherapy as form of desensitization: Treating Affect Phobia. Psychotherapy in practice, ٤(٤), ٣٥-٥٣.
    23. -McCullough, L. (١٩٩٤). The next step in short-term dynamic psychotherapy. A clarification of objectives and techniques in an anxiety regulating model. Psychotherapy. Vol ٣١. P٦٢٤-٦٥٤.
    24. McCullough, L., Berggraf, L. & Ulvenes, P. G. (2010). The affect phobia test. Unpublished manuscript, Modum Bad Research Institute,Vikersund, Norway.
    25. McCullough, L., Kuhn, N., Andrews, S., Kaplan, A., Wolf, J., Hurley, C. L. (٢٠٠٣), Treating affect phobia: A manual for short term dynamic psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
    26. Merz,E.L ,Roesch,S.c.(2011).Modeling trait and state variation using multilevel factor analysis with PANAS daily diary data. Journal of Research   personality45,2-9
    27. Panksepp, J. (2011). What is an emotional feeling? Lessons about affective origins from cross-species neuroscience. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 4–15.
    28. Parker, J. D. A., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2001). The relationship between emotional intelligence and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 107-115.
    29. Parker, J. D. A., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2003). The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-III. Reliability and factorial validity in a community population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 269-275.
    30. Pennebaker, J. W., Chung, C. K. (2007). Expressive writing, emotional upheavals, and health. In H. Friedman and R. Silver (Eds.). Foundations of Health Psychology, New York: Oxford University Press.
    31. Schanche E, Stiles TC, McCullough L, Svartberg M, Nielsen GH. The relationship between    activating affects, inhibitory affects, and self-compassion in patients with Cluster C personality disorders. Psychotherapy (Chic). 2011; 48(3):293-303.
    32. Schirmer A , Adolphs R (2017). Emotion perception from face, voice, and touch: compar- isons and convergence. Trends Cogn Sci;21(3):216–28 .
    33. Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Bhullar N, Rooke SE. A.   .(2007)meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Pers Individ Dif; 42: 921-33.
    34. Sifneos PE.(1973) The prevalence of ‘alexithymic' characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychother Psychosomat. 22:255–62.
    35. .Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effects sizes, outcome type, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 175-184