Presenting a structural model of the relationship between perceived parenting styles and high-risk behaviors through mediation of resilience and emotion regulation in adolescents

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• saeideh kohansal nalkiashari ¹
• Samera Asadi Mujara ²
• Bahman Akbari ³

¹ Ph.D.Student in Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.

³ Professor, Department of Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.

10.30495/jpmm.2022.28995.3493

Abstract

Introduction: One of the most critical periods of life is adolescence. It is a period of rapid physical growth and emotional and psychological changes. Most behavioral incompatibilities are manifested in this period. Tendency to high-risk behaviors is one of the behavioral maladaptations of adolescence.
Materials and Methods: The present study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all male high school students in the city of Langrud who were studying in the academic year 1399-1400. Participants in the study were 265students from different schools in Langarud who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Iranian Adolescent Risk Scale(IARS), the Bamrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire, the Connor & Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RIS) and the Adjustment Questionnaire. Excitement of John and Gross (2002) was collected. Structural equation modeling and AMOS software were used to evaluate the fit of the researcher's proposed model.
Findings: Parenting styles powerfully, authoritarian and careless, have a significant effect on high-risk behavior by regulating emotion and resilience.
Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, powerfully parenting style leads to a reduction in high-risk behaviors.

Keywords

• Adolescents
• High-risk behaviors
• Perceived parenting styles
• Resilience
• Emotion regulation

20.1001.1.22285516.1401.13.47.7.7

---

References

1. Mason, P., Keegan, H., Jerome, H., Alta, C, Wei, C., John, J. (1390). The growth and personality of the child. 3th Edition. Translated by Mahshid Yasai. Centeral Tehran: Book of Mad.
2. Shaffer, D., Kipp, K. (1391). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. 9th Edition. Translated by Maryam Rezazadeh, afsar rohi. Qom: University Publication Center.
3. ZadMohammadi, A., Ahmadabadi, Z. (2008). Co-occurrence of high-risk behaviors among high school adolescents in Tehran. Family Studies. 4(13):100-18 [ https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=79084]
4. Defoe, I.N., Dubas, J.S., Edwin, S., Dalmaijer, A., Marcel, A., et al. (2020). Is the Peer Presence Effect on Heightened Adolescent Risky Decision-Making only Present in Males? Journal of Youth and Adolescence.; 49: 693–705. ]DOI:10.1007/s10964-019-01179-9[
5. Defoe, I.N., Dubas, J.S., Romer, D. (2019). Heightened adolescent risk-taking? Insights from lab studies on age differences in decision-making. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 6(1):56–63. ]DOI:10.1177%2F2372732218801037[
6. Mokhtarnia, I., ZadMohammadi, A., Habibi, M. (2016).The Relationship between Parental Conflict and Tendency to High-Risk Behaviors: With the Mediating Role of Conflict Intensity. Journal of Woman and Family Studies. 4(8): 101-129. [https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=529654]
7. De Boer, A., Peeters, M., Koning, I. (2017). An experimental study of risk taking behavior among adolescents: a closer look at peer and sex influences. The Journal of Early Adolescence. 37(8):1125–1141.]DOI:10.1177%2F0272431616648453[
8. Jessor, R. (2014). Problem behavior theory: A half-century of research on adolescent behavior and development. In: R.M. Lerner A.C, Petersen R.K, Silbereisen J, Brooks-Gunn, Editors. The developmental science of adolescence: History through autobiography. New York: Psychology Press؛. pp:239–256.
9. Afshari, A., Barzegari, A., Ismaili, A. (2017). Evaluation of high-risk behavior in students based on demographic variables. Quarterly Journal of New Ideas in Psychology. 1(4): 29-42.[  http://jnip.ir/article-1-133-fa.html]
10. Eckstrand, K.L., Choukas-Bradley, S., Mohanty, A., Cross, M., Allen, N.B., Silk, J.S., et al. (2017). Heightened activity in social reward networks is associated with adolescents’ risky sexual behaviors. Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 27: 1-9. ]DOI:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.004[
11. Harakeh, Z., de Boer, A. (2019). The effect of active and passive peer encouragement on adolescent risk-taking. Journal of Adolescence. 71: 10–17. ]DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.12.004[
12. Stewart, K., Townley, G. (2019). Intrapersonal and social-contextual factors related to psychological well-being among youth experiencing homelessness. Journal of Community Psychology. 47(4): 772-789. ]DOI:10.1002/jcop.22152[
13. Krampen, G. (1989). Perceived childrearing practices and the development of locus of control in early adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 12(2):93-177. ]DOI:10.1177/016502548901200203[
14. Sohrabzadeh Fard, A., Gharaei, V., Asgharnejad, F., Aqbati, A. (2016). The relationship between perceived parenting dimensions and identity styles with the severity of depression in adolescents. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 22(4): 292-299. [http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2677-fa.html]
15. Baumrind, D. (1991). Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition. Advances in family research. 2: 111-163.
16. Perez-Gramaje, A.F., Garcia, F., Reyes, M., Serra, E., Garcia, F. (2020). Parenting styles and aggressive adolescents: Relationships with self-esteem and personal maladjustment. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. 12: 1-10.
17. Mckinney, C., Rank, K. (2011). A multivariate model of parent-adolescent relationship variables in early adohescence. Chihd psychiatry & Human Development. 42(4): 442-462.
18. Mashhadi, R., Tabatabai, S. (2018). Investigating the relationship between parenting styles and self-resilience in high school students. New research in the humanities. 40: 131-14. [https://civilica.com/doc/803302]
19. Mirza Mohammadi, Z., Mohsenzadeh, F., Arefi, M. (2016). The relationship between parenting styles and psychological toughness with resilience in students. Journal of Family and Research. 13(4): 97-120. [ https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=303373]
20. Sadat Javadi, B., Zaboli, P., Allahvardi, N. (2016). Predicting high-risk behaviors based on resilience and attachment styles of high school girls in Shahriar city. Social and disciplinary research of women and family. (6): 101-118.
21. ARAT, G., Wong, P.W.C. (2019). Examining the Association Between Resilience and Risk Behaviors Among South Asian Minority Students in Hong Kong: A Quantitative Study. Journal of Social Service Research. 45(3): 360-372. 
22. Hosseini, H., Sadeghi, A., Rajabzadeh, R., Reza, Z.J., Nabavi, S., Ranaei, M., et al. Mental health and related factor in students of north khorasan university of medical sciences. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2011; 3(2): 8-23. ]DOI/29252/jnkums.3.2.23[
23. Moradi, A., Omidifar, H., Seidi, S. (2016). Comparison of resilience and high-risk behaviors: An intergenerational study. National Congress of Social Psychology Iran.
24. Nejati, S.F., Mehdi Yar, M. (2015). Predicting the difficulty of emotion regulation based on parenting styles in Shiraz University students. 2nd International Conference on Psychology, Educational Sciences and Lifestyle. ]com/doc/497551[
25. Fathi, M., Ahadi, H., Jomehri, F., Kalhornia Golkar, M. (2020). The Mediating Role of Resilience between Sensation-Seeking and Alcohol Consumption in 24-40 Year-Old Youth in Tehran: A Descriptive Study. JRUMS. 18 (12) :1211-1232. [ http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-4767-fa.html[
26. Mohammadi, L., Tanha, Z., Rahmani, S. (2015). The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and high-risk behaviors perceived through social support. New psychological research. 10(39): 161-187 .[ https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=286418[
27. Weiss, N.H., Sullivan, T.P., Tull, M.T. (2015). Explicating the role of emotion deregulation in risky behaviors: A review and synthesis of the literature with directions for future research and clinical practice. Current Opinion in Psychology. 3: 22-29. [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.013]
28. Gross, J.J., Thompson, R.A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In Gross JJ, Editors. Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press. pp: 3-24.
29. Barzehgari, E., Khaleghipour, S., Wahhabi Hamabadi, J. (2016). The mediating role of emotion regulation in relation to spiritual attitudes and risky behaviors in adolescents with substance abuse caregivers. Addiction research. (50)12: 233-251.[https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=501253]
30. Lennarz, H.K., Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Kuntsche, E., Granic, I. (2019). Emotion regulation in action: Use, selection, and success of emotion regulation in adolescents' daily lives. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 43(1): 1-11. ]DOI:10.1177/0165025418755540[
31. Uphill, M., Lane, A., Jones, M. (2012). Emotion regulation questionnaire for use with athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 13(6): 761-770.
32. Andami Khoshk, A., Golzar, M., Esmaeili Nasab, M. (2013). Role of nine strategies of cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of resilience. Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 7(27): 61-70.
33. Mohebi, M., Zarei, S., Sohbatiha, M. (2017). The Relationship between Emotion Regulation Strategies and Mental Toughness in Elite Taekwondo Athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies. 21: 29-42. [ Doi:10.22089/spsyj.2017.2830.1294[
34. Dir, A.L., Banks, D.E., Zapolski, T.C., McIntyre, E., Hulvershorn, L.A. (2016). Negative urgency and emotion regulation predict positive smoking expectancies in non-smoking youth. Addictive behaviors. 58: 47-52. ]DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.014 [
35. Tull, M.T., Weiss, N.H., Adams, C.E., Gratz, K.L. (2012). The contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to risky sexual behavior within a sample of patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Addictive behaviors. 37(10): 1084-1092. ]DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.05.001 [
36. Ordobadi, S., Mohammadi, S. (2016). The effect of cognitive regulation strategies on high-risk behaviors of adolescents and young people. Social science studies. 3(2): 18-24.[https://civilica.com/doc/765658 [
37. Staats, S., Van der Valk, I.E., Meeus, W.H., Branje, S.J. (2018). Longitudinal Transmission of Conflict Management Styles Across Inter‐Parental and Adolescent Relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence.28(1): 169-185. [DOI:10.1111/jora.12324]
38. Mirzaei Feyzabadi, S., Molavi, E., Taheri, N. (2019). The relationship between emotional regulation and cognitive inhibition for tendency to risky behaviors in girl adolescents in Mashhad. Scientific Journal of Social Psychology. 7(52): 123-136.
39. Malakarimi, A. (1398). Study of emotion regulation strategies on high-risk behaviors in adolescence. International Conference on Educational Sciences, Psychology, Counseling, Education and Research. [https://civilica.com/doc/1010793]
40. Zadeh Mohammadi, A., Ahmadabadi, Z., Heidari, M. (2011). Construction and Assessment of Psychometric Features of Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale. IJPCP. 17 (3) :218-225. [ http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1417-fa.html]
41. Esfandiari, A. (1994). Check parenting styles of mothers of children with behavioral problems and mothers of normal children and the impact of parental education on children's behavioral disorders.
42. Conner, K.M., Davidson, J.R.T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Conner-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety. 18(2): 76-82. ]DOI/10.1002/da.10113[
43. Mohammadi, M., (2005). Study of factors affecting resilience in people at risk of abuse materials. Doctoral dissertation. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences;
44. Narimani, M., Arianpour, S., Abolghasemi, A., Ahadi,B. (1390). Comparison of the effectiveness of mindfulness training and emotion regulation on the general health of chemical warfare victims. Clinical Psychology Studies. 1 (2): 93-117. [https://civilica.com/doc/894476]
45. Klahr, A.M., McGue, M., Iacono, W.G., Burt, S.A. (2011). The association betweenparent–child conflict and adolescent conduct problems over time: Results from alongitudinal adoption study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 120(1): 46-56. [DOI:10.1037/a0021350]
46. Bandura, A., Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C., Regalia, C., Scabini, E. (2011). Impactof family efficacy beliefs on quality of family functioning and satisfaction with family life. Applied Psychology. 60(3): 421-448. [DOI:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00442.x]
47. Sharma, M., Joshi, H.L. (2015). Role of family environment and parenting style in adjustment among male adolescents. Int J Curr Res Acad. 3(1): 252-263.
48. Benetti, C., Kambouropoulos, N. (2006). Affect regulated indirect effects of trait anxietyand trait resilience on self-esteem. Personality and Individual differences. 41(2): 341-352. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.015]
49. Gorji, R., Keshavarzi, F., Hatami, M., Dehghan, A., &Wahhabi, R. (2015). The relationship between parenting styles and high-risk behaviors of hearing impaired students. Exceptional education. 4(132): 5-12.
50. Shukri, N., Yousefi, M., Safaei Rad, I., Akbari, T., Mousavi, S.M., Nazari, H. (2015). Correlation of high-risk behaviors in student adolescents with parenting styles. Health Promotion Management Quarterly.; 5(1): 73-82.[  http://jhpm.ir/article-1-547-fa.html]
51. Álvarez-García D, García T, Barreiro-Collazo A, Dobarro A, Antúnez Á. Parenting style dimensions as predictors of adolescent antisocial behavior. Front. Psychol. 2016; 7: 1383. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01383]
52. Hwang j. A processing model of emotion regulation: insight from the attachment system. PHD thesis in art and science. Georgia State University; 2006.
53. Ghanbarpour, F., &Ahmadvand, M.A. (1398). The Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and High-Risk Behaviors of High School Girls. The First National Conference of Farda School. [https://civilica.com/doc/1013361]

Fili, A., &Mousavi Monfared, Z. (1398). Sadeghianfar H. Predicting emotion regulation based on attachment styles and perceived parenting styles in female high school students in Gachsaran.  Fourth International Conference on New Research Achievements in Science Social, Educational Sciences and Psychology. [ https://civilica.com/doc/928503]