1- Kohlberg L. Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues. 1976. (pp. 31–53). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
2- Kohlberg L. Essays on moral development: The psychology of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: 1984. Vol. 2. Harper & Row.
3- Piaget J. The moral judgment of the child. New York: 1932. Free Press.
4- Emler N, Tarry H. Clutching at straws: Is it time to abandon the moral judgment deficit explanation for delinquency? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2017. 25, 191–195.
5- Gibbs, J. C. Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg and Hoffman. Boston: 2020. Allyn & Bacon.
6- Turiel E. The development of social knowledge. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1983.
7- Nucci LP. Education in the moral domain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2021.
8- Hymel S, Schonert-Reichl KA, Bonanno RA, Vaillancourt T, Rocke Henderson N. Bullying and morality. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective, 2020, (pp. 101–118). New York: Routledge.
9- Thornberg R, Pozzoli T, Jungert T. Unique and Interactive Effects Of Moral Emotions and Moral Disengagement On Bullying and Defending Among School Children, The Elementary School Journal, 2021, 116, 322-337.
10- Hymel S, Rocke-Henderson N, Bonanno RA. Moral disengagement: A framework
for understanding bullying among adolescents. Journal of Social Sciences, 2015, 8, 1–11.
11- Obermann M-L. Moral disengagement in self-reported and peer-nominated school bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 2021, 37, 133–144. doi:10.1002/ab.20378.
12- Gini G. Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What’s wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 2016, 32, 528–539. doi:10.1002/ab.20153.
13- Gini G, Pozzoli T, Hymel Sh. Moral Disengagement Among Children and Youth: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Links to Aggressive Behavior. AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, 2019, 40, 56-68.
14- Perren S, Gutzwiller-Helfenfinger E. Cyberbullying and traditional bullying in adolescence: Differential roles of moral disengagement, moral emotions, and moral values. European
Journal of Developmental Psychology, (2022). 9, 195–209. doi:10.1080/17405629.2011.643168
15- Blasi A, Moral cognition and moral action: A theoretical perspective. Developmental Review; 1983, (3):178-210.
16- Rest J, Thoma S, Edwards L. Designing and Validating a Measure of Moral Judgment: Stage Preference and Stage Consistency Approaches, Journal of Educational Psychology. 2000, 89(1), 5-28.
17- Eisenberg N. Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 2000, 51, 665–697. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych. 51.1.665
18- Hoffman ML. Empathy and moral development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010.
19- Haidt J. The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences, 2013, (pp. 852–870). New York: Oxford University Press.
20- Gray K, Wegner DM. Dimensions of moral emotions. Emotion Review, 2021, 3, 258–260
21- Bierhoff H-W. Prosocial behavior. Hove: Psychology Press. 2022.
22- Almedia A, Correia I, Marinho, S. Moral disengagement, normative beliefs of peer group, and attitudes regarding roles in bullying. Journal of School Violence, 2020, 9, 23–36. doi:10.1080/ 15388220903185639.
23- Bandura A, Barbaranelli C, Caprara GV, Pastorelli C. Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996, 71, 364– 374. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
24- Malti T, Gummerum M, Keller M. Children’s Moral Motivation, Sympathy, and Prosocial Behavior, Child Development, 2019, 80(2), 442–460.
25- Thornberg R, Jungert T. Bystander behavior in bullying situations: Basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 2020, 36, 475– 483.
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.003
26- Travlos K, Barkoukis B, Douma I. The Effect of Moral Disengagement on Bullying: Testing the Moderating Role of Personal and Social Factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2018, 1, 1-20.
27- Hardy S, Carlo G. Moral identity: What is it, How Does It Develop, and Is It Link to Moral Action? Child Development perspectives; 2021, 3(5):212-218.
28- Murrell SA, Salsman NL, Meeks S. Educational attainment, positive psychological mediators, and resources for health and vitality in older adults. Aging and Health, 2013, 15, 591−615.
29- Phillips DA. Punking and Bullying: Strategies in middle school, high school, and beyond. Interpersonal Violence, 2020, 22,158-178.
30- Hart D, Carlo G. Moral Development in Adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence; 2005, 15(3):223-233.
31- Aquino K, Reed A, The Self Importance of Moral Identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010, 83:1423-1440
32- Pornari CD, Wood J. Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 2010, 36, 81–94. doi:10.1002/ab.20336.
33- Homan HA. Modeling structural equations using Lisrel software. Tehran: Samt Publications. 1384.
)